Sample (N [%] unless noted) | |
Duration of pain (years), (mean [SD]) | 8.1 (10.8) |
Pain intensity (mean [SD]) | 7.1 (2.0) |
Regions of chronic pain | |
Head, face, mouth | 55 (6.4) |
Cervical region | 64 (7.5) |
Upper shoulder & upper limbs | 117 (13.7) |
Thoracic region | 24 (2.8) |
Abdominal region | 29 (3.4) |
Lower back, lumbar to coccyx | 318 (37.2) |
Lower limbs | 161 (18.8) |
Pelvic region | 15 (1.7) |
Anal, perineal & genital region | 2 (0.2) |
More than three sites | 70 (8.2) |
Body systems | |
Nervous (physical) | 154 (26.8) |
Nervous (psychological/social) | 25 (4.4) |
Respiratory & cardiovascular | 6 (1.0) |
Musculoskeletal/connective tissue | 351 (61) |
Cutaneous/subcutaneous/gland | 1 (0.17) |
Gastro-intestinal | 9 (1.6) |
Genito-urinary | 7 (1.2) |
Other organs or viscera | 1 (0.17) |
More than one system | 20 (3.5) |
Unknown | 1 (0.17) |
Aetiologies | |
Genetic or congenital | 54 (9.5) |
Trauma/operation/burns | 172 (30.2) |
Infective | 6 (1.0) |
Inflammatory/immune reactions | 44 (7.7) |
Neoplasm | 3 (0.53) |
Toxic/metabolic | 8 (1.4) |
Degenerative/mechanical | 226 (39.65) |
Dysfunctional (psycho-physiologic) | 25 (4.4) |
Psychological (no physical cause) | 28 (4.9) |
Unknown | 4 (0.7) |